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Recommended resources
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Working paper
In this HPG literature review, the authors explore the conceptual evolution of PoC and the challenges concerning civil-military coordination on PoC. It concludes that existing literature does offer valuable guidance on how the humanitarian community can improve their approach to interacting with military actors for protection work. -
Article
Stuart Gordon maps the growing use of PoC in the military policies of the UK and other states, as well as the UN and NATO, drawing attention to the challenges that remain in operationalizing responses. -
Article
In this short article, Damian Lilly outlines the main priorities for humanitarian agencies when engaging with peacekeepers on PoC. -
Working paper
This working paper assesses civil-military coordination within the UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) and the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) on PoC. Its main conclusions are that these missions’ mandates were unclear in terms of PoC; that their military components lack the skills, capacity, and willingness to protect civilians; and that consequently coordination between humanitarian and military actors faces a number of challenges. -
Working paper
This HPG working paper argues that PoC has become a shared objective of international military forces and humanitarian actors. In this scenario, it is necessary to engage military actors in humanitarian dialogue on PoC and coordinate operations on the ground. The author argues that when such interaction poses risks to a humanitarian organization’s perceived neutrality and impartiality, they can either choose to remain transparent in the process or establish indirect contact through OCHA or the protection cluster or working group on the ground. -
Article
Focusing on the case of the Central African Republic (CAR), Keenan and Giffen argue that peacekeeping operations are increasingly deployed into complex environments where civilians are deliberately targeted by different armed actors. The authors argue that in order to improve the operations’ credibility and legitimacy, the UN Security Council and DPKO need to prioritize immediate protection needs in the early stages of assessment and planning. -
Tools, guidelines and methodologies
This ICRC-commissioned document provides a set of minimum standards for humanitarian and human rights actors who engage in protection work. The paper addresses the application of humanitarian principles; protection strategies; protection architecture; the legal base of protection; the complementarity among different protection actors; managing sensitive protection information; and the professional capacity of protection staff. -
Report
This report, commissioned by DPKO and OCHA, examines the creation, interpretation, and implementation of UN peacekeeping mandates to protect civilians. It proposes policy on four themes: (1) linking the Security Council’s deliberations to field realities; (2) mission-wide strategy and crisis planning; (3) improving the role of uniformed personnel; and (4) political follow-up to achieve mission aims. The authors include case studies on MONUC, UNOCI, UNMIS, and UNAMID. -
Conference and meeting document
UNSC press releases, resolutions and reports on PoC from 1999 to early 2011. -
Article
Damian Lilly explores the challenges faced by UNMISS in running PoC sites, which have provided temporary refuge to civilians threatened by physical violence. He assesses the issues associated with this practice, including difficulties in maintaining a civilian character – as many who sought refuge were former combatants – and the problem of coordination between humanitarian actors and the military component of UNMISS.
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